水稻栽培新突破:植質缽育機械化
“這秧(yang)盤成本(ben)大約是多少?”“再演示一遍,我看看它(ta)是如何翻(fan)板的(de)(de)(de)。”“我數(shu)數(shu)每穴(xue)有(you)(you)多少粒種子(zi)。”前(qian)不(bu)久在黑龍(long)江八一農(nong)墾(ken)(ken)大學“水稻植質缽育機械化栽培新(xin)技(ji)術”演示現場,來自科研院(yuan)校及全(quan)國農(nong)墾(ken)(ken)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)專(zhuan)家學者(zhe)被(bei)這項新(xin)技(ji)術所吸引,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)探究秧(yang)盤的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產過程(cheng),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)拿起(qi)秧(yang)盤細(xi)細(xi)查(cha)看其結(jie)實度(du),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)一遍遍要求(qiu)重(zhong)復演示播種過程(cheng),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)拔出(chu)秧(yang)苗(miao)看其秧(yang)根盤結(jie)情況,而拍(pai)照(zhao)(zhao)則(ze)不(bu)再是記者(zhe)們的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)利(li),專(zhuan)家學者(zhe)紛紛將(jiang)這項新(xin)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)獨特之處拍(pai)照(zhao)(zhao)留存(cun)。
據介(jie)紹,2010年,這項新(xin)技術在黑(hei)龍江(jiang)農墾的20個示(shi)范點(dian)的1.5萬畝水(shui)田進行了試驗(yan)示(shi)范,結果顯示(shi):該技術增產幅度大,平均(jun)畝產達(da)到(dao)815公(gong)斤(jin),比(bi)常規種植增產20.7%。目前(qian),該技術已通過專家鑒(jian)定(ding),達(da)到(dao)國(guo)際先進水(shui)平。
“這一(yi)技術將是目(mu)前水(shui)稻種植模式和機械作業方式的一(yi)次(ci)革新。”項目(mu)組負責(ze)人、黑龍江(jiang)八(ba)一(yi)農(nong)墾大學副校長(chang)汪春教授說,“植質(zhi)(zhi)秧(yang)(yang)盤滿(man)足了缽育(yu)苗(miao)的所有農(nong)業技術要(yao)求,移栽不傷根、無需緩苗(miao),比普通育(yu)秧(yang)(yang)增(zeng)加12-15天有效生(sheng)長(chang)期;秧(yang)(yang)盤隨著水(shui)稻生(sheng)長(chang)緩慢降(jiang)解(jie),實現(xian)了植物(wu)秸稈綜(zong)合利用,最終實現(xian)提質(zhi)(zhi)、增(zeng)產,是目(mu)前水(shui)稻生(sheng)產實現(xian)優質(zhi)(zhi)、高產最有效的手段(duan)之一(yi),有助于(yu)實現(xian)北方寒地水(shui)稻種植業跨越式發(fa)展。”
在植質(zhi)缽育秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)生(sheng)產(chan)中心,一(yi)臺大型充(chong)壓機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)停地(di)(di)(di)轉動,工人則不(bu)斷地(di)(di)(di)將由秸稈粉、填充(chong)劑、粘結(jie)(jie)劑、有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肥等(deng)組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合物送入輸(shu)送帶,在充(chong)壓機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)端,帶著秸稈及有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肥味(wei)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)半成(cheng)(cheng)品秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)則源(yuan)源(yuan)不(bu)斷地(di)(di)(di)輸(shu)出,隨之又被送入干(gan)燥設備中進行干(gan)燥。這(zhe)種以稻草為主(zhu)要(yao)原料制成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)不(bu)但可實現(xian)(xian)稻草的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效利(li)用,實現(xian)(xian)秸稈的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)(jian)接還田,更重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用是改善生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境。據介(jie)紹,缽育機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)移栽(zai)(zai)技(ji)術具有(you)(you)(you)早期育苗(miao)、秧(yang)(yang)(yang)根(gen)(gen)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)結(jie)(jie)、秧(yang)(yang)(yang)苗(miao)齊壯、移栽(zai)(zai)時(shi)不(bu)傷(shang)根(gen)(gen)、無(wu)緩苗(miao)期、延長(chang)作物有(you)(you)(you)效生(sheng)育期、秧(yang)(yang)(yang)苗(miao)可實現(xian)(xian)等(deng)行等(deng)距(ju),有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于秧(yang)(yang)(yang)苗(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)田間(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)長(chang),最終實現(xian)(xian)提質(zhi)、增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。目(mu)前,國際上擁有(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)項成(cheng)(cheng)熟技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)僅有(you)(you)(you)日本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)家公司。然而(er),移栽(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)都存在著結(jie)(jie)構復(fu)雜、價格(ge)高(gao),尤其(qi)秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)價格(ge)昂貴,每畝秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)可達160元,而(er)該項目(mu)組所制造的(de)(de)(de)(de)秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控制在每畝53元。即使如(ru)此,與常規(gui)插秧(yang)(yang)(yang)技(ji)術中因(yin)秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)可以重(zhong)復(fu)使用,每畝秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)6元相比,該秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)還是較(jiao)高(gao)。因(yin)此,如(ru)何在這(zhe)一(yi)環(huan)節降低成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)成(cheng)(cheng)為項目(mu)組進一(yi)步完善該技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)之一(yi)。“這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)秧(yang)(yang)(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)既(ji)環(huan)保又能(neng)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)地(di)(di)(di)力(li),值得(de)推廣(guang),但過高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)會在一(yi)定程度(du)上阻礙它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣(guang)。”有(you)(you)(you)專家建(jian)議(yi),增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)單位時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)制盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)量(liang)是措施之一(yi),而(er)要(yao)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)制盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)量(liang),更為重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)需求量(liang),只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)規(gui)模上去了,成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)才能(neng)降下來。
“再演示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)遍,我還要(yao)再看(kan)(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)(kan)毛刷怎(zen)么掃(sao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de),翻板(ban)是怎(zen)么翻的(de)(de)(de)(de)。”在水稻植質(zhi)(zhi)缽(bo)育精(jing)量(liang)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)演示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現場,有(you)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家一(yi)再要(yao)求精(jing)量(liang)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)多遍演示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)便仔細(xi)觀看(kan)(kan)(kan)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)(guo)程。只(zhi)(zhi)見演示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)員按(an)一(yi)下遙控(kong)器(qi),裝(zhuang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)開始在型孔式的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)上(shang)均衡走動,所過(guo)(guo)之處,由(you)于毛刷的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong),充(chong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)上(shang)均勻地鋪滿了種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),演示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)員再一(yi)按(an)遙控(kong),充(chong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)翻板(ban)突然(ran)一(yi)動,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)齊刷刷落入植質(zhi)(zhi)缽(bo)育秧(yang)盤中(zhong)。整個(ge)過(guo)(guo)程簡潔又簡單。只(zhi)(zhi)見專(zhuan)(zhuan)家們紛紛蹲(dun)下身子(zi),仔細(xi)地數著秧(yang)盤中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)數,“幾乎沒(mei)有(you)漏(lou)播(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de),每(mei)個(ge)穴有(you)三四粒的(de)(de)(de)(de),也有(you)七八粒的(de)(de)(de)(de),多數每(mei)穴五六粒,真不(bu)錯。”中(zhong)國工程院院士羅錫文(wen)對(dui)這款(kuan)精(jing)量(liang)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果很(hen)是肯定。與原(yuan)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)相比(bi),此款(kuan)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)除了能精(jing)量(liang)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之外,最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點還是節(jie)約人(ren)工,與常規播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)至(zhi)少3人(ren)不(bu)同,它只(zhi)(zhi)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)一(yi)個(ge)人(ren)手持遙控(kong)器(qi)即可(ke)完成播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。同時,較普通育秧(yang)可(ke)節(jie)省種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)50%-60%。
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